Horticulture Expert The Growth Driver Of Indian Agriculture Sector

The horticulture sector, with a wide array of crops ranging from fruits and vegetables to orchids and nuts, mushrooms and honey – has been a driving force in the stimulating a healthy growth trend in Indian agriculture. India is currently producing 257.2 million tonnes of horticulture produce from an area of 23 million ha. What is significant is that over the last decade, the area under horticulture grew by about 3.8%per annum but production rose by 7.4% per annum. Given the increasing pressure on land, the focus of growth strategy is on raising productivity by supporting high density plantations, protected cultivation, micro irrigation, quality planting material, rejuvenation of senile orchards and focus on post harvest management to ensure that farmers do not lose their produce in transit from farm gate to the consumers plate.

Fruits:

With a production of 76.4 million tonnes, fruits accounts for about 30 per cent of the total production of horticulture crops. The area under fruit crops during 2011-12 was 6.6 million ha, which is almost 29 per cent of area under horticulture in India. The area under fruit crops has increased from 4.0 million ha in 201-02 to 6.7 million ha in 2011-12 with corresponding increase in production from 43.0 to 76.4 million tonnes. A large variety of fruits are grown in India. Of these, banana, mango, citrus, papaya, guava, grape, sapota, pomegranate, pineapple, aonla, litchi, pear, plum, walnut, etc are important. India accounts for 13 percent of the total world production of fruits and leads the world in the production of mango, banana, papaya, sapota, pomegranate, acid lime and aonla.

The leading fruit growing states are Maharashtra which accounts for 16.0 per cent of production followed by Andhra Pradesh (13.0%), Gujarat (10.0%), Karnataka (9.0%), Uttar Pradesh (8.0%), Tamil Nadu (7.0%) and Bihar (5.0%) altogether contributes for about 68.0 percent of the total fruit production in the country. Banana is the major fruit accounting for 35 per cent of total production followed by mango (4.0%), citrus (11.0%), papaya (6.0%), others (17.7%) in the country. It may also be mentioned that in the Himalayan states of Himachal and J&K the GDP from apples, plums, pears and stone fruits exceeds that of GDP from cereal crops.

Vegetables:

Vegetables are also an important constituent in horticulture sector which are mostly low gestation and high income generating crops. Many vegetables are now grown under protected cultivation like green houses and shade nut houses with a scope for off season production, which fetches remunerative prices.
Vegetables occupied an area of 8.9 million ha during 2011-12 with a total production of 155.9 million tonnes having average productivity of 17.4 tonnes/ha.

Vegetable production registered a quantum jump of 77 per cent between 2001-02 and 2011-12.

More than 40 kinds of vegetables belonging to different groups are grown in India in tropical, sub tropical and temperate regions. Important vegetable crops grown in the country are potato, tomato, onion, brinjal, cabbage, cauliflower, peas, okra, chilies, beans, melons, etc. The leading vegetables growing states are West Bengal which accounts for 15% of production followed by Uttar Pradesh (12%), Bihar (10.0%), Andhra Pradesh (8.0%), Madhya Pradesh (6.5%), Gujarat (6.4%), Tamil Nadu (5.8%), Maharashtra (5.7%), Karnataka (5.0%) and Haryana (3.0%) altogether contributes about 83.4% of the total vegetable production in the country. Among vegetables, potato is the major vegetable accounting for 27.0% followed by tomato (12%), onion (11.0%), brinjal (8.0%), cabbage (5.4%), cauliflower (4.7%), okra (4.0%), peas (2.5%) and others (25.4%) in the country. India is the second largest producer of vegetables after China and is a leader in production of vegetables like peas and okra. Besides, India occupies the second position in production of brinjal, cabbage, cauliflower and onion and third in potato and tomato in the world. Vegetables such as potato, tomato, okra and cucurbits are produced abundantly in the country.

Spices:

India is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of spices and spice products in the world. Over 100 plant species are known to yield spices and spice products among which around 50 are grown in India. India is known as the home of spices producing a wide variety of spices like black pepper, chilies, ginger, turmeric, garlic, cardamom and variety of tree and seed spices. Major spice producing states are Andhra Pradesh (19.0%), Gujarat (15.0%), Rajasthan (14.7%), Karnataka (8.0%), Madhya Pradesh (7.7%) and Tamil Nadu (7.0%). The spice production in India is currently estimated at 5.95 million tonnes from an area of about 3.21milion ha.

The production of spices in the country has registered a substantial increase over the last ten years with average annual growth of 5.8%. Chili is the major spice crop occupying about 25% of area under cultivation and contributing 22% of total spice production in the country. Garlic accounts for 8.0% of area with 21.0% share in production, while turmeric accounts for 6.8% of area with 19.6% share in production.

Flowers:

India has made noticeable advance in the production of flowers, particularly cut flowers, which have a good potential for exports. During 2011-12, floriculture covered an area of 0.32 million ha with a production of 2.6 million tonnes of loose flowers and 75066 million numbers of cut flowers. This sector is generating higher income and employment opportunities especially for women.

While India has been known for growing traditional flowers such as jasmine, marigold, chrysanthemum, tuberose and aster, the commercial cultivation of cut flowers like roses, orchids, gladiolus, carnation, gerbera, anthurium and lilium has become popular in recent times. The important flower growing states are West Bengal, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, North East, etc. Major area is devoted to production of marigold, jasmine, roses, chrysanthemum, tuberose, etc. The area under cut flowers having stems has increased manifold. Orchids, anthurium, lilium, gerbera and seasonal bulbous flowers are increasingly being grown both for domestic and export markets.
Growth in Exports:

Not only have these impressive production figures ensured a steady supply for the domestic market, they have also made Indian horticulture exports globally competitive. Over the last decade, there has been a significant improvement in export earnings in horticulture.
The horticulture division is working closely with APEDA and state governments to ensure that infrastructure and institutional support for export is available to ensure that farmers can leverage export markets for higher incomes.

Horticulture Expert The Growth Driver Of Indian Agriculture Sector

The horticulture sector, with a wide array of crops ranging from fruits and vegetables to orchids and nuts, mushrooms and honey – has been a driving force in the stimulating a healthy growth trend in Indian agriculture. India is currently producing 257.2 million tonnes of horticulture produce from an area of 23 million ha. What is significant is that over the last decade, the area under horticulture grew by about 3.8%per annum but production rose by 7.4% per annum. Given the increasing pressure on land, the focus of growth strategy is on raising productivity by supporting high density plantations, protected cultivation, micro irrigation, quality planting material, rejuvenation of senile orchards and focus on post harvest management to ensure that farmers do not lose their produce in transit from farm gate to the consumers plate.

Fruits:

With a production of 76.4 million tonnes, fruits accounts for about 30 per cent of the total production of horticulture crops. The area under fruit crops during 2011-12 was 6.6 million ha, which is almost 29 per cent of area under horticulture in India. The area under fruit crops has increased from 4.0 million ha in 201-02 to 6.7 million ha in 2011-12 with corresponding increase in production from 43.0 to 76.4 million tonnes. A large variety of fruits are grown in India. Of these, banana, mango, citrus, papaya, guava, grape, sapota, pomegranate, pineapple, aonla, litchi, pear, plum, walnut, etc are important. India accounts for 13 percent of the total world production of fruits and leads the world in the production of mango, banana, papaya, sapota, pomegranate, acid lime and aonla.

The leading fruit growing states are Maharashtra which accounts for 16.0 per cent of production followed by Andhra Pradesh (13.0%), Gujarat (10.0%), Karnataka (9.0%), Uttar Pradesh (8.0%), Tamil Nadu (7.0%) and Bihar (5.0%) altogether contributes for about 68.0 percent of the total fruit production in the country. Banana is the major fruit accounting for 35 per cent of total production followed by mango (4.0%), citrus (11.0%), papaya (6.0%), others (17.7%) in the country. It may also be mentioned that in the Himalayan states of Himachal and J&K the GDP from apples, plums, pears and stone fruits exceeds that of GDP from cereal crops.

Vegetables:

Vegetables are also an important constituent in horticulture sector which are mostly low gestation and high income generating crops. Many vegetables are now grown under protected cultivation like green houses and shade nut houses with a scope for off season production, which fetches remunerative prices.
Vegetables occupied an area of 8.9 million ha during 2011-12 with a total production of 155.9 million tonnes having average productivity of 17.4 tonnes/ha.

Vegetable production registered a quantum jump of 77 per cent between 2001-02 and 2011-12.

More than 40 kinds of vegetables belonging to different groups are grown in India in tropical, sub tropical and temperate regions. Important vegetable crops grown in the country are potato, tomato, onion, brinjal, cabbage, cauliflower, peas, okra, chilies, beans, melons, etc. The leading vegetables growing states are West Bengal which accounts for 15% of production followed by Uttar Pradesh (12%), Bihar (10.0%), Andhra Pradesh (8.0%), Madhya Pradesh (6.5%), Gujarat (6.4%), Tamil Nadu (5.8%), Maharashtra (5.7%), Karnataka (5.0%) and Haryana (3.0%) altogether contributes about 83.4% of the total vegetable production in the country. Among vegetables, potato is the major vegetable accounting for 27.0% followed by tomato (12%), onion (11.0%), brinjal (8.0%), cabbage (5.4%), cauliflower (4.7%), okra (4.0%), peas (2.5%) and others (25.4%) in the country. India is the second largest producer of vegetables after China and is a leader in production of vegetables like peas and okra. Besides, India occupies the second position in production of brinjal, cabbage, cauliflower and onion and third in potato and tomato in the world. Vegetables such as potato, tomato, okra and cucurbits are produced abundantly in the country.

Spices:

India is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of spices and spice products in the world. Over 100 plant species are known to yield spices and spice products among which around 50 are grown in India. India is known as the home of spices producing a wide variety of spices like black pepper, chilies, ginger, turmeric, garlic, cardamom and variety of tree and seed spices. Major spice producing states are Andhra Pradesh (19.0%), Gujarat (15.0%), Rajasthan (14.7%), Karnataka (8.0%), Madhya Pradesh (7.7%) and Tamil Nadu (7.0%). The spice production in India is currently estimated at 5.95 million tonnes from an area of about 3.21milion ha.

The production of spices in the country has registered a substantial increase over the last ten years with average annual growth of 5.8%. Chili is the major spice crop occupying about 25% of area under cultivation and contributing 22% of total spice production in the country. Garlic accounts for 8.0% of area with 21.0% share in production, while turmeric accounts for 6.8% of area with 19.6% share in production.

Flowers:

India has made noticeable advance in the production of flowers, particularly cut flowers, which have a good potential for exports. During 2011-12, floriculture covered an area of 0.32 million ha with a production of 2.6 million tonnes of loose flowers and 75066 million numbers of cut flowers. This sector is generating higher income and employment opportunities especially for women.

While India has been known for growing traditional flowers such as jasmine, marigold, chrysanthemum, tuberose and aster, the commercial cultivation of cut flowers like roses, orchids, gladiolus, carnation, gerbera, anthurium and lilium has become popular in recent times. The important flower growing states are West Bengal, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, North East, etc. Major area is devoted to production of marigold, jasmine, roses, chrysanthemum, tuberose, etc. The area under cut flowers having stems has increased manifold. Orchids, anthurium, lilium, gerbera and seasonal bulbous flowers are increasingly being grown both for domestic and export markets.
Growth in Exports:

Not only have these impressive production figures ensured a steady supply for the domestic market, they have also made Indian horticulture exports globally competitive. Over the last decade, there has been a significant improvement in export earnings in horticulture.
The horticulture division is working closely with APEDA and state governments to ensure that infrastructure and institutional support for export is available to ensure that farmers can leverage export markets for higher incomes.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NEIL BISSONDATH`S THE CAGE, BHARATI MUKHERJEE`S A WIFE`S STORY,M.G.VASSANJI`S LEAVING AND ROHINTON MISTRY`S LEND ME YOUR LI

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NEIL BISSONDATH’S THE CAGE, BHARATI MUKHERJEE’S A WIFE’S STORY, M.G. VASSANJI’S LEAVING AND ROHINTON MISTRY’S LEND ME YOUR LIGHT In this paper I shall make a comparative assessment of Neil Bissondath’s The Cage, Bharati Mukherjee’s A Wife’s Story, M.G. Vassanji’s leaving and Rohinton Mistry’s Lend me your light. While analysing the theme of displacement and alienation undergone by the characters in the process of their physical and psychological adaptation to the new environment. I shall also attempt to compare the above paradigms from the perspective of male and female experiences in relation to the diasporic or expatriate experience of each author. Michi, the female protagonist of Bissondath’s The Cage grows up within the four walls of a patriarchal Japnese culture which imposes its restrictive values on every woman in the name of tradition. Michi and her mother are the subjects of this dominating culture, which guards every move of female member even impinge upon their privacy to secure its hold. Bissondath presents the mother and the daughter in contrast to bring out the difference of attitude of two different generations while her mother meekly and unquestioningly accepts the cultural dictum, Michi brews up her resistance deep within unable to give in like her mother. (1) She is virtually non-existent for her father till she was fifteen. Suddenly his interest in her grows since he is responsible to transplant the cultural values in her. Learning music lessons, keeping away from boys, mixing up with people only of their status are some of the important things she was taught to do. When a simple letter from a boy was taken away from her, she realised that she had no hold even over her own life. “I learnt, more than anything else, how little of my life was my own, in my father’s eyes. His claim to my privacy finally caused me to regard him with eyes of ice’ (82) on her father’s advice she took a course on dietetics and she was even told to court men chosen by him. In order to evade this cage formed by patriarchal culture she leaves for toronto an uncommon Japnese destination that would provide her anonymity and freedom from the restrictive bondage of culture. One away from her home land Michi is able to view the old and the new culture properly and attempts to `place’ herself. Her initial reaction is to watch the people of the new land, the `glimpses of lives’ I would never touch.’ But gradually she acquaints herself with inmates of her apartment house and encounters the nuances of both the cultures through their subtle hints. On her way to school, she finds people displaying themselves at the sidewalks and is irked by their behaviourdemanding to be noticed. More than this her English Tutor’s insistence (2) that she never ate bread in Japan suggests the baseless bias the Western people hold for the oriental food habit. He insisted that I, being a Japanese person never ate bread, only rice and vegetables and raw fish and nothing else. He would not believe that I had tasted my first big mac in Tokyo (94) Marvelling at the immensity of freedom that Toronto would hold for her, she reflects : Toronto : a place where my personality could be free, it was not a city of traditions in a country of traditions. It was America, in the best implication that world held for us. Japnese: bright, clean, safe, new. Life experienced without the constraints of an overwhelming past. (95) But her dream of freedom without constraints is short-lived. Her relationship with the third floor neighbour Shery shocks her enough to see the tangibility of her belongingness. She worked as a stripper and a call-gril Unaware of this, one night hearing some grunting noise from her room she calls on her like any sensible neighbour. but to her utter dismay Sherry accuses her of being a moron. One too stupid to understand the other culture and its practices. Through her acquaintance with Mrs. Duncan and her landlady Mrs. Harris she comes to the realisation that women are displaced everywhere, as much in Canada as in Japan. For Mrs. Harris and Mrs. Duncan both widows, keeping their husbands name and not their own is tradition : (3) “It is tradition dear christian tradition’ “Yes, dear, it is as simple as that. It’s what women have always done.’ (98) Michi discovers from her mother’s letter that `Michi’ her grand mother being `a strong and independent woman with her own ideas’. had been beaten to submission and finally left with only a grandson (her father) as an outlet for her sense of life. She is now confronted with the past that she has tried to ignore in Toronto. She has by now seen that it is better to have a room of one’s own than have a nothing. Her final decision to return to her father’s house and arrange flowers only provokes the reader to see her desperate attempt to `place’ herself even if through a cage like tradition Despite her realization that “the corollary of tradition’s pride is tradition’s guilt’ (99) her non resistance to patriarchal culture would impell any feminist critic to comment that Bissondath’s inclination still lies towards a male oriented society. While Bissoondath allows Michi to return to her past tradition, Panna Bhatt is Bharati Mukherjee’s `A Wife’s Story’ is caught between the two worlds-After her son’s death, she leaves for New York to prusue a Ph.d course and distances herself from her husband. Her reaction to the racial discrimination and prejudiced language in David Mamet’s play glengarry Glen Ross brings out her sense of indignity and outrage. “It’s the tyranny of American dream that scares me. First, you don’t exist. Then you are invisible, Then you are funny. Then you are (4) disgusting. Insult, my American friends will tell me, is a kind of acceptance. No instant dignity here. I long at times, for clear cut answers offer me instant, dignity, today and I’ll take it.’ (422) Panna’s husband works in Laxmi Cotton Mills, a private enterprise in Ahmedabad with the end of family responsibility now she is virtually a different self. She has almost overcome her inhibition of her past life, even sexually she feels no compunction to share with her male friends like Imre, a Muslim from Hungary. Her transitional state and the extent of her dislocation comes to the forefront when her husband arrives in New York on holiday for fifteen days. During his presence, she keeps herself away from other friends. But on meeting Imre she feels as if she is really seeing him for the first time : “Guilt, shame, loyalty, I long to be ungracious, not ingratiate myself with both men.’ (428) Being in such transitional state, she finds herself too far away from her past culture and tacitly rejects her husband’s suggestion to go back home. She further reflects : “Tonight I should make up to him for my years away, the gutted trucks, the degree I’ll never use in India. I want to pretend with him that nothing has changed.’ (432) Ironically, her plea to stay back for study is meaningless. It only (5) suggests her confused state, her “in-between’ position where she is vaccilating between two cultures pretentively conforming to the past yet looking forward to the present. Mukherjee has beautifully presented her character “in transition’ who is seeking present ideals “A Wife’s story’ is an exemplary statement on the new “international person’ who is attempting to balance heritage with new situations quite like her creator. Vassanji’s protagonist Aloo in “Leaving’ is a boy from the Indian community settled in Dar es Salaam in Tanzania whose sole reason behind imigration is to better the economic conditions of his family through foreign education. His ambition to be a doctor is thwarted by the handiwork of some corrupted bureawrat who selects him for a course of Agriculture. This denial of opportunity leads to a sense of dislocation in Aloo, which is inflamed by his mother through her humour and joke. For Aloo it is the American University only, that can fulfil his promise, give him a `place’ A whole universe was out there waiting for him if only he could reach it (492) His selection in california Institute of Technology virtually sets him on the course of dislocation from his native culture and attracts him to look forward to the new culture hopefully his letter from London during his brief stopover there evocatively brings out the significance of the present place and the inadequacy of his native land : Oh London it seemed that it (6) would never end-blocks and blocks of houses, squires, park, monuments could any city be larger ? How many of ur Dar es Salaams would fit here, in this one gorgeous city. (495) Aloo leaves for USA with promises to his mother that he would not `marry a white woman’ and would not `smoke or drink’. Whether or not to chooses to keep his promise is not the contentious issue here, however, such fore closer hints at the possible displacement he would undergo in the new culture while abiding the restrictive values of the past imposed upon him. Rohinton Mistry’s Lend Me Your Light when compared with the above three stories seems to be the most poignant in reflecting the dichotomies confronting his characters who are trying desperately to hold both the worlds in balance of the three characters, Jamshed and Kersi immigrate to New York and Toronto respectively while Percy the brother of Kersi stays back in India. Percy’s schoolmate Jamshed virtually is an alien even among school lunch, in the “leather upholstered luxury of the backseat of his “ehauffeur-driven, air conditioned family car.’ (99) All these hyphenated lavishness only increases the distance between him and the culture he lives is rooted in his displacement all races in India are “Ghatis’ who are flooding all the places, Jamshed represents that breed of affluent Parsi family who believed in extending the colonial authority in absence of their (7) erstwhile colonial masters. The post independence India holds no future for such bigot residue of imperialism. Absolutely no future in this stupid place. Bloody corruption everywhere. And you can’t buy any of the things you want don’t even get to see a decent England movie. First chance I get, I’m going abroad. Preferably the US (178) Jamshed manages to leave for U.S. his land of promises that can provide him his much needed place. After him it is Kersi’s turn to leave for Toronto, though his reason for immigration is to better his and his family’s economic standard. His relationship with his brother Percy reflects his alienation in his own family. While for Pery his idealist goal to free rural India from poverty and oppression roots him strongly to his place, for Kersi “there weren’t any prospects in this country.’ (178) Leaving for Toronto with severe infection of conjuctivities he half jokingly compares himself with displaced Teresias, “blend and throbbing between two lives, the one in Bombay and the one to come in toronto.’ (180) Though Kersi is not so bitter about his old place, he too is undergoing a crisi in Toronto where he finds the whole community living the life they have left behind in India and relishing its food still. It is Percy who sees Jamshed’s torments and agony of displacement in his desperate assertion of authority over the waiter in the five star Taj (8) Mahal Hotel before his friends. Explaining that this was the only way to handle incompetence. Indians were too meek and docile and should learn to stand for their rights the way people do in states. (185) Like Jamshed Kersi confesses of his displacement in India in his inability to board the local train amidst the milling crowd. With the old and the feeble was my place, as long as I was a tourist here, and not committed to life in the combat zone (188) The final encounter of the three characters brings out the sense of dislocation and belongingness by presenting in contrast the immigrants and the one living in India. Percy returns from the village shocked by the murder of his friend Navjeet by village landlord. Jamshed urges him in his characteristic off-handish manner to go to states where “if you are good at something you are appreciated, and you get ahead.’ Ironically this knowledge of his has found him no place there. While rooted in his idealism and faith Percy prepares himself for his next strategic move to village Kersi returns to Toronto as confused as before. Jamshed’s confusion, disdain and arrogance “is the surfacing of Kersi’s “entire burden of riddles and puzzles unsolved’ (192) Like mistry, his characters reflects the anxiety of his community that has undergone the difficulties of diaspora. In the post (9) independence India, the Parsi community looking westward for carving out another “cultural territory’ seems to be the reason for their dislocation. Mistry like Vassanji brings out the ambiguities and dichotomies confronting his dislocated characters quite dexterously. It is through such analysis of male and female experiences that the discourses of displacement of the above immigrant writers could be read in a new perspective. WORKS CITED 1. Bissondath, Neil, “The Cage’ Contemporary Short Fiction written in English Ed. Bruce Meyer Scarborough Antario : Prentice Hall Canada Inc.1997 2. Mukherjee, Bharati, “A Wife’s Story’ Contemporary Short Fiction in English Ed. Bruce Meyer N.P. n.p. 1997 3. Vassanji, M.G. “Leaving’ Contemporary Short Ficiton in English Ed. Bruce Meyer N.P., n.p. 1997 4. Mistry. Rohinton “Swimming Lessons and other stories from Firozeshah Baag. New York Vintage International Edition random House Inc. 1997 5. Said, Edward, Culture and Imperialism London : chatto and Windus, 1993 By : Dr. Ram Sharma Sr. Lecturer, Department of English Janta Vedic P.G. College, BARAUT (BAGHPAT) U.P. (10)

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Rostows Stages Of Growth Model (for College Students)

Main points of Rostows stages of growth model:

-Rostows stages of growth model is of the Neo-Classical tradition.
-The model takes a linear view of development, this means that countries are believed to develop in the same way over time.
-It is a structuralist model, it analyses development as the result of complex interactions between a number of different societal parts.

Rostow believed that economies develop by going through a number of stages. He attempted to define the characteristics of each of the 5 stages of development.

Traditional Society Stage
-Economic activity is on a subsistence basis, output (food etc) is consumed by those who produced it rather than traded. Economic activity is dominated by agriculture and is labour intensive.

Transitional Stage
-This stage is when a society has the preconditions for takeoff (the characteristics a society must have before it can start to grow quickly such as with the UK industrial revolution) in place but has not yet entered a period of high growth. Trading increases supported by an emerging transport infrastructure, savings and investment grow and entrepreneurs emerge.

Take Off Stage
-Industrialisation takes place, workers transfer from the agriculture to manufacturing. Growth is concentrated in to certain parts of the country and in one or two industries (for example, cotton processing in Manchester during the industrial revolution). New political and social institutions emerge to support industrialisation.

Drive to Maturity Stage
-The economy diversifies from the industries that originally drove growth. The massive poverty caused by the Take Off Stage starts to be reduced.

High Mass Consumption Stage
-The stage that countries reach once they have developed. Rostow, writing in 1960, believed that this was the stage which Western countries were in. Living conditions are good and the economy is baed on the consumer society.

Limitations of Rostow’s Stages of Growth Model:

-The Rostow starts with the assumption that countries will develop along the same path, that countries cannot skip stages, do stages in a different order. Splitting the process of development into stages may be simplifying what actually occurs.
-The model is ethnocentric, it is based on American and European history and shows American high mass consumption to be the end result of development.
-The model assumes that capitalist development is the only way to achieve economic development his model represents a non-communist manifesto.

How to use Rostow’s Stages of Growth Model in Essays and exams:

The ideal use of Rostow’s Stages of Growth Model in A level exams is to set it up as a straw man to knock down. The model is a good way of setting out a basic model which is easily criticised using more up to date models or models from a different political viewpoint. Dont worry about spending too much time writing about Rostows model, just give the examiner an outline of your knowledge referring to the main points of the model (see start of article). This will then allow you to spend more time showing off your knowledge to the examiner about other more complex development models.

Advantaged Of Hydroponics Over Traditional Agriculture

Healthy, nutritious and tasty food keeps us going each day. But when we sit with that bowl of greens and other colorful salads thinking we are eating healthy food, are we really sure it’s healthy? It may look fresh, green, and nutritious, but there are also very harmful chemicals like urea, sulfur, chlorides and other chemicals along as well. These nasty chemicals are present in the produce we eat in varying levels due to the fertilizers and pesticides used to grow the crops. But its labeled organic, which means you dont have to worry about that, right? Well, the growers can claim they didn’t spray the crops with these pesticides or fertilizers, but do they have control over underwater tables and air that has the runoff and chemical aerosol from a much polluted environment?

The science of Hydroponics offers an innovative path to a healthy food supply where you know how your food is produced, and what went into it. Hydroponics is the growing of plants in nutrient solutions with or without an inert medium (as soil) to provide mechanical support. Simply put, Hydroponics is the science of growing plants in mineral and nutrient enriched water without soil. This may sound strange to some, but plants really dont need soil to grow because the nutrients and minerals they need are not part of the soil itself. The most important thing to the plants are the select nutrients that they require to synthesize their food. The mechanical support of soil can well be substituted by coir, wood fibre, gravel, sand and various other media. Hydroponics can be used for large scale agriculture and right in your home as well. Hydroponics has many advantages such as less labor and garden maintenance, pests and diseases are easily avoided as the climate can be controlled, plants are free from weeds and will thus grow healthy ensuring that we get good, wholesome and non-toxic food on our table.

Hydroponics is a great way to grow our crops and other plants in a pollution free and controlled environment. The yield from hydroponics is typically much higher than conventional farming and may very well have the solution to the food shortage problem on earth. It may also help us save the flora and fauna of the earth which is nearing extinction by replacing large-scale agriculture. The water usage for Hydroponics is as little as 1/20th of the water required for conventional agriculture, thus reducing the strain on earth water resources as well.

Choosing Hydroponics over conventional agriculture and gardening will help our environment and may be part of the answer to global warming and climate change. We can then ensure that our future generations will inherit an earth where their eyes can still feast on the verdant green of forests and when they enjoy a meal, they can be sure that no nasty chemicals are making their way into their bodies.

Eleven Million in Sahel Face Severe Food Insecurity

A U.N. agency says 11 million people in Africas Sahel region still face severe food insecurity. At the same time, an emergency appeal for 113 million dollars has gone largely unmet.

De Capua report on Sahel food insecurity
The Food and Agriculture Organization says the Sahel has faced food insecurity crises in 2005, 2008 and again in 2012. Those crises, it says, have eroded the capacity of the poor to maintain or restore their livelihoods.

In Dakar, Patrick David, FAOs deputy coordinator for food security analysis for West Africa and the Sahel, said, There is still a lot of people in food insecurity. The people more and more find some difficulty to recover from the past crisis even if there is a good harvest because there have been pretty good harvests in 2012.

David said many people in the Sahel depend on a few cattle and a small piece of land for survival. So, its hard for them to stock up any reserve food or agricultural supplies in the event of drought, conflict or bad harvest.

While before it would take one or two years to recover, now its longer for those people to recover. Its difficult to restock cattle, for example. Its difficult for them to access agricultural credit to have good input[s] and to have fertilizer. And in some places in the Sahel, like in Burkina Faso and Niger, there [are] some dense populated area[s] where there is degradation of land and the loss of soil fertility. That means their agricultural
yield[s] are decreasing year by year, he said.

That compounds the problems they already face as the price for grains, such as sorghum, millet and maize, continues to rise.

David said, The poor and the very poor households, as soon as theyve exhausted their little harvest, totally depend [on] the market. So they have to buy the grain at higher and higher prices. So their purchasing power is decreasing every year.

Insecurity, such as the recent conflict in northern Mali, can also boost prices because agricultural products cannot get to market.

The FAO has appealed for $113 million for its programs in the Sahel. However, its only received less that $19.5 million so far.

The intervention of FAO strengthens the resilience of the affected households. But when the affected households cannot receive the good seeds and the good fertilizer or cannot recapitalize their livestock, they stay very vulnerable and its a problem for the next year. So we definitely need additional support for the farmers and agriculture in order to decrease the impact of the forthcoming crisis, he said.

Building resilience includes improving the storage, processing and transportation of goods as well as livestock food supplements, animal health campaigns and herd restocking. The Food and Agriculture Organization programs also include fixing irrigation systems.

The FAO said it would like these programs to be in place and making a difference during the next growing season which runs from October through April

The Great Online Demand For Forestry And Agriculture Equipment

Despite the ever increasing number of people who decide to move from the rural to have a taste of the urban life, it cannot be denied that farming is something that will not be a total threat to urbanization.

More or less our main concern is on the fact that a considerable number of the population decided to leave their jobs as farmers to try their luck in finding non-farming jobs. If this goes on, would there be adequate food to feed everybody?

Even if the world is constantly developing or progressing, it will not make any sense if food, healthy food at that, will no longer be accessible to all. Because of progress, the world may be able to afford to pay for the food they are going to eat but if the farmers gradually start to lose interest in farming or agriculture, then people might have to endure the consequences of modernization and urbanization. Our hope lies on the rest of the farmers who weren’t thinking about switching to a different career. Fortunately, because of progress and modernization, technology has made way for efficient forestry and agriculture equipment such as farm tractors (john deere, caterpillar and other famous brands), plows, tillers, loaders and other farming related innovations to help them deliver the best of their production.

Even rich people who decide to move out of the city because they want to live in a peaceful, healthy and stress-free suburb would also know the importance of eating healthy food that they are also into farming themselves. Some of them are buying large hectares of land and devote a large area for farming and agriculture, both for consumption and commercial purposes. Soon enough, we will already solve shortage of food production if we ourselves will put an effort to produce our own food, even if our planting or farming be limited only to growing selected vegetables, crops and fruit-bearing trees in our backyard.

If it’s any consolation, statistics has it that there are quite an incredible number of forestry and agriculture equipment purchase online. The sales of tractors, plows, loaders, tillers, other farm implements and attachments have increased lately to a good extent. It is a good sign that farming still has a future.

Usda Rural Developmentocean Springs, Ms

USDA Office of Rural Development (RD) is an agency with the United States Department of Agriculture which runs programs intended to improve the economy and quality of life in rural America.

The USDA Rural Development loan guaranteed Program is designed to stimulate rural development in America. USDA rural development Properties must be located in eligible rural areas. We have homes available which qualify for the USDA rural development program right now 100% financing available.

The overall mission of USDA Rural Development is to improve the quality of life for rural Americans.
It is USDA Rural Development’s intention to ensure rural citizens can participate fully in the global economy. By providing technical assistance and programs to rural Americans a stronger economy will be built and will improve the quality of life for all.
The major benefits are:
100% mortgage LTV based on the APPRAISED value
Zero down payment and there is no minimum contribution required.
No limit on seller concessions or gift
No mortgage insurance required
No reserves required
30 year fixed rate only
Lenders must be USDA approved.
Low interest rates, this is not a sub-prime mortgage
Flexible Credit Guidelines.

USDA rural development Loans require Zero Down. There is no minimum credit score required with a USDA rural development loan, although 12 month credit history is closely scrutinized and moderate income requirements do apply.

USDA rural development loans offer 100% financing with no monthly PMI to borrowers who fall within moderate income requirements.

Let HomeWithEquity.com help you take advantage of these exciting low rate USDA Rural Development Loans and get the result you want, even the house you dream of.

HomeWithEquity.com offers 100% Financing Home on this property at 1828 Burnt Oak Ocean Springs, Ms.

Under the terms of the USDA rural development program, an individual or family may obtain a USDA loan for up to 102% of the appraised value of the home, which eliminates the need for a down payment. Since a common barrier to owning a home is the lack of funds to make a down payment, the availability of the USDA rural development loan guarantees makes the reality of owning a home available to a much larger percentage of Americans.

100% financing on this 3 bedroom / 2 bathroom brick home is on a cul de sac! It has the largest fenced yard in the subdivision!!! Large master bedroom with walk-in closet, his and her sinks, whirlpool tub, and walk-in shower. Cathedral and high ceilings throughout. Stainless Steel appliances, bonus room office/media room/ or 4th bedroom and a Double Garage! Call Jerry a Mississippi license Realtor at 228-424-6410

Amenities:
oGarage
oDishwasher
oGarbage Disposal
oCentral Air
oCable TV
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oLawn
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oFence
oCovered Patio
oExterior Lighting
oRange/Oven
oRefrigerator
oElectric Hot Water
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Beds:3
Baths:2.0
Ft2:1500
School District:Ocean Springs
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Sustainable Agriculture – Is It In Your Future

With the current buzz regarding sustainability, here’s the big query: Sustainable agriculture — Is it in your future?

These are tumultuous times. World warming and environmental degradation are serious threats to the long run of our world. This economic state of affairs is somewhat bleak and recovery is slow. Worry of the future is ever gift in several minds. The matter is that whether or not we have a tendency to acknowledge the environmental seriousness, the monetary concerns and therefore the reservation we have a tendency to feel hold us back from creating significant movement toward positive change. On the other hand, to try and do nothing spells bound disaster in our future.

Sustainability has many definitions depending upon who is defining it! I outline it as agricultural practices which consider, address, and improve the environmental, social, and economic aspects of the operation. It’s like a 3 legged stool. There should be three legs of the identical length and in some cheap configuration in order to possess balance and stability. To neglect one leg or to place it in the wrong place means the business is possible to collapse.

Keeping that balance has several benefits. If anyone ought to be an environmentalist, it should be the farmer. If farmers use the land and water without regard to the results of management, it means that that those resources can doubtless become degraded and/or depleted. It’s like using a car to induce to figure, however never checking the tires, changing the oil nor putting gas in it. It will not be long before you’re looking at alternative transportation. On the other hand, being proactive, considering the consequences, monitoring, and planning ahead can get you there more quickly and with reliability!

Here are ten basic steps to include sustainability into your farm operation:

1. Assess your current scenario

2. Outline specifically what it is that you’re managing

3. Confirm what resources you have offered

4. Write down what you wish to achieve — obtaining to your core principles

5. Arrange your strategy to deal with the setting, finances, and social aspects

6. Check your choices and actions

7. Monitor your progress — think about that you could are wrong

8. Retreat to not off course if you’re off course

9. Completely re-plan when necessary

10. Revisit your goal and your set up

The clock is ticking, however there is still time to form a difference. Each epic journey starts with one small step,and then another. Agriculture is the foundation of civilizations. If agriculture fails, thus does everything else. What are some steps you can take to move toward additional sustainable agriculture? Is it in your future?

Information About Haryana A Rich Cultural State Of India.

Haryana is the rich cultural and prime Agricultural state of India which is surrounded be Uttar Pradesh and Yamuna River from the east side, On the North side Punjab exist. Himachal Pradesh is present at North- east side. Rajasthan is present on the west South side of Haryana, The India Capital Delhi is present at South- East side. The total hight from the sea level of Haryana is around is 700ft to 900ft. Haryana State is known as the mother of Vedic civilization in india. Haryana has a rich cultural history as the Loard Krishna taught the Gita Updesh here at its one district Kurukeshetra during the battle of Mahabharata between the Korvas and Pandvas.

Haryana was formed on 1 November, 1966 as the new state of India. From that day to today Haryana has made its identity as continuously growing state of India. Haryana is continuously paying its good role in the development of India. Time to time Haryana has given great leader as well as various sportsmen to India that has made the history with in the world. Today Haryana is known for its development and Good acts in the history of India. Haryana is now known as the second highest job provider state in the India. It is also known second highest agricultural state of India. From the total population of Haryana around 70% people are doing in agriculture.

Haryana is a very well connected state to all other state of India through air railways and roads across India. Haryana Government is continuously making good policies for improving education system. There many good universities, colleges, Medical colleges present in Haryana that have very good reputation in India. There around seven Universities in Haryana, around 250 Arts and Science College, 41 engineering colleges in the state. Haryana Government is committed for education of each and every teen in the state.

The total number of districts in Haryana is 20. A district in Haryana is headed by a Deputy Commissioner who is over all in-charge of the administration in that particular district. Haryana state is now an important state in India due to its leading role in sports and tourism and in industries. Haryana is a very near state of capital Delhi as a results its districts like gorgon and Faridabad are established are top industries districts in the state that are leading in IT sectors. Haryana has many places that are very useful for tourist that can be covered with in one or two days while travelling in india.