Rostows Stages Of Growth Model (for College Students)

Main points of Rostows stages of growth model:

-Rostows stages of growth model is of the Neo-Classical tradition.
-The model takes a linear view of development, this means that countries are believed to develop in the same way over time.
-It is a structuralist model, it analyses development as the result of complex interactions between a number of different societal parts.

Rostow believed that economies develop by going through a number of stages. He attempted to define the characteristics of each of the 5 stages of development.

Traditional Society Stage
-Economic activity is on a subsistence basis, output (food etc) is consumed by those who produced it rather than traded. Economic activity is dominated by agriculture and is labour intensive.

Transitional Stage
-This stage is when a society has the preconditions for takeoff (the characteristics a society must have before it can start to grow quickly such as with the UK industrial revolution) in place but has not yet entered a period of high growth. Trading increases supported by an emerging transport infrastructure, savings and investment grow and entrepreneurs emerge.

Take Off Stage
-Industrialisation takes place, workers transfer from the agriculture to manufacturing. Growth is concentrated in to certain parts of the country and in one or two industries (for example, cotton processing in Manchester during the industrial revolution). New political and social institutions emerge to support industrialisation.

Drive to Maturity Stage
-The economy diversifies from the industries that originally drove growth. The massive poverty caused by the Take Off Stage starts to be reduced.

High Mass Consumption Stage
-The stage that countries reach once they have developed. Rostow, writing in 1960, believed that this was the stage which Western countries were in. Living conditions are good and the economy is baed on the consumer society.

Limitations of Rostow’s Stages of Growth Model:

-The Rostow starts with the assumption that countries will develop along the same path, that countries cannot skip stages, do stages in a different order. Splitting the process of development into stages may be simplifying what actually occurs.
-The model is ethnocentric, it is based on American and European history and shows American high mass consumption to be the end result of development.
-The model assumes that capitalist development is the only way to achieve economic development his model represents a non-communist manifesto.

How to use Rostow’s Stages of Growth Model in Essays and exams:

The ideal use of Rostow’s Stages of Growth Model in A level exams is to set it up as a straw man to knock down. The model is a good way of setting out a basic model which is easily criticised using more up to date models or models from a different political viewpoint. Dont worry about spending too much time writing about Rostows model, just give the examiner an outline of your knowledge referring to the main points of the model (see start of article). This will then allow you to spend more time showing off your knowledge to the examiner about other more complex development models.

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Why You Should Consider a Reputable Prestige Car Rental

A few years back if you lacked the money you wouldn’t be able to drive around the car that you have always dreamt of. This has changed since now you can seek prestige car rental firms and they would surely give you the car that you want. Executive car hire is a good way of ensuring that you virtually meet your dreams by driving around in a stylish car.

A Day to Remember There are some people who would consider prestige car rental to be a waste of time and money but coming to think of it this is the best way to enjoy life and the struggle that you have given. If you have any special occasion scheduled then this is the way forward; choose a renowned firm and rent a good car for this day. The good thing about this is that you will spend money but the memories will last for a life time. Remember that you will be driving a car that is even days old in the market. This can be done several times and you will always appear to have a car. This means that it builds your image among your friends and neighbors.

The Dilemma of Choosing Local Firms There is a big difference between a local firm and a reputable firm in terms of the services that they would be offering as well as the cars that you will be hiring. Executive car hire means that you will be entitled to classy cars that have got unique features as compared to a run off the mill car. Certainly, the whole idea of prestige car rental is to have an experience that you have never had. Therefore, for those who are still hanging on the fence as to whether to go for the regular firms or the reputable firms, you should consider the experience that you will be getting free of charge.

Securing Your Business Image It makes a lot of sense why you would sign a million dollar deal after you have shown up with an Executive car hire. People would take you to be a person of class. This would be of benefit to the business that you are engaged in. This is to mean that even firms can rely on car hire companies to build a corporate image to the public as well as to the clients. Nothing comes easy hence you would have to fish out some few coins to get the ideal car that you want. This actually brings us to the idea of looking around for affordable deals.

Economical Options There are many companies out there who deal with prestige car rental and it is your duty to find the ones that are most suitable for you in terms of budget. A cost effective choice would serve you better more so if you plan to hire the car for more than one day. You should be on the lookout for hire firms that would offer discounts depending on the period that you plan to rent a car.

Remember the points above on executive car hire; this will help you as you make decisions on choosing a prestige car rental for a special occasion.

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Supplying Industrial Cleaning Solution to MITIE (Retail) Ltd and Tesco

ICE first presented to MITIE (Retail) Ltd in November 2009 and over the next year became our sole supplier of cleaning machinery. They brought to the table an enthusiastic approach which was innovative, flexible and accommodating in those times of need. This was a supplier partnership and it was both encouraging and rewarding for both parties. Two specific mobilisations come to mind which I believe gives a good indication of ICE as a company, one which was the largest ever single machinery order placed by MITIE for the Co-operative Group stores and one is this case study for Tesco Stores in September 2010.

Background:
MITIE was awarded significant growth in the Tesco store cleaning Tender in July 2010. Up to this point we were using ICE to supply machinery into the existing smaller convenience Express stores. We had chosen the RA431 compact scrubbing machine for these stores, following their presentation. This proved to be a low maintenance, cost effective machine that the operators liked because of the simplicity. ICE had supplied with the machine both pad drives and brushes so we could utilise the machinery in almost every area of the store, achieving that machinery driven approach we were aiming for. This machine later became our utility machine of choice in the large format stores for use throughout the trading day on the shop floor.

Tesco has an agreement term within its Tenders that on site machinery will transfer between suppliers providing they can reach agreement on the net book values etc. Although this seems a fair approach it does have its complications and, in this case, negotiations had not been going well with the incumbent contractor. We were now entering minus four weeks to start date and we were starting to get concerned. I arranged a meeting with ICE and fully explained the situation. Without any firm commitments from MITIE, ICE immediately `got on board` with a contingency plan on our behalf. This involved considerable expense to ICE, surveying the stores, speaking to Switzerland on delivery timescales and eventually taking the ultimate risk in placing an order with Cleanfix without a guaranteed order from MITIE. This showed a huge amount of commitment from ICE and enabled MITIE to have a contingency plan for Tesco who were aware of the situation.

With two weeks to go to start date MITIE decided to end negotiations with the incumbent and officially place the order with ICE to supply a 1.5 million order for floor cleaning machines into all Express stores across our regions and all large store format stores in the South East and South West Regions of England. This amounted to approximately 230 sites.

Logistics:
The machinery roll-out started 2 weeks prior to start date. Fortunately, following the commitment ICE had made by arranging for machinery to be delivered into the UK, this was possible. If ICE had not taken this approach then we would have needed to either go back to the negotiating table with the incumbent contractor and pay well over the net book values for the machinery or request that the customer postpone the start date. Both scenarios would have been unacceptable to MITIE as options.

The machinery for each store had been specified on the surveys initially carried out and, upon delivery, training took place with not only the machine operator but all staff on the shift. This gave us the multi skilling of operatives we were looking for. Every member of staff received a training certificate prior to contract start date.

ICE had taken a simplicity approach and banded the stores into machine bundles so we were aware that a specific store would receive certain machinery. This gave us a very easy communication line with our field teams as we issued them all a matrix which they could refer to if questioned. As with every multi-site contract, however, there will be unique stores that the bundle matrix does not fit. These idiosyncrasies, which were unknown to ICE, on survey lead to the need to change some machinery for larger or smaller models and this was done without any objection and at a further cost to ICE which was never passed onto MITIE. All unique changes were carried out prior to the contract start date.

Machinery Types:
The machinery we procured was the RA431 compact scrubbing machine for the Express stores. The RA561 tough and powerful machine for hard and soft floors and the RA 900 Sauber ride on scrubber drier were chosen for the larger stores. We also purchased additional machinery including vacs, single rotary machines and car park sweepers from ICE.

Summary:
Whenever I am asked to provide a reference for a supplier, the first question I ask is firstly `Did they go the extra mile for MITIE?` and pull out all the stops as a supplier to `Make it happen`. We need our supply chain to, at times, gamble to aid the cause. The world of contract cleaning can throw all types of issues at you and you need to have a supplier who is in there with you when the going gets tough. I found ICE ready and up for the challenge and when we asked them to `step up to the mount` they certainly did so. The commitment they made considering the MITIE policy for purchase ordering went well over and above what was expected and probably saved what could have been a mobilisation disaster. I have no hesitation in recommending ICE as a supplier because there will be some tough times ahead for all of us and we all need suppliers like ICE to support us through difficult times.

Dissertation Proposal On How Relationship Marketing Can Help Improve The Image Of Companion

INTRODUCTION

Against the background of the current economic situation within the region, many marketers are looking for better and more effective ways of increasing their sales. Some of them assume that when there is greater media visibility, then one is more likely to boost their success. However, what most of these marketers are forgetting is that there are relationships that are created every time a sale is made. Consequently, their companies must look for ways in which they can sustain this kind of relationship. The proposal will examine how relationship marketing can boost company images in the car industry with specific emphasis on the issue of trust.

BACKGROUND

This project is worth doing because of a series of reasons. First of all, the automobile company is one of the most important sectors of the UKs economy. Consequently, there is a need to look for ways in which this industry can be improved in order to boost the economy. Additionally, by examining the role that trust plays in relationship marketing, then car companies can understand the underlying factors required to make relationship marketing work for them. This project will also be significant in providing information about various tools and approaches in relationship marketing from automobile companies. (Jackson, 1985)

Previous work in relationship marketing has focused on its core functions. Levitt (1983) explains that relationship marketing is a form of marketing that centres on consumer satisfaction and retention. This is a shift from traditional approaches that mostly emphasised on transactions made at the point of sale. Some authors have looked at application of relationships to the automotive industry. Nilsson (2004) examined a case study of an automobile company in the US and looked at how this companys success had been enhanced though relationship marketing. Other authors such as Kotler (2005) , DeYoung and Boldt (1988) & Berry (1983)

have examined ways in which relationship marketing can be integrated with other marketing concepts such as process reengineering. Furthermore, a lot of work has centred upon the use of relationship marketing in various aspects of an organisation. These include its application in the supply chain logistics, information technology and other vital sectors. (DeYoung, 1987)

RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND OBJECTIVES

The major objective that the research will be trying to achieve is to determine what the link between company image and relationship marketing is in the automobile industry. This will be determined through four specific objectives
1)What role does trust play in boosting relationship marketing in the automobile industry
2)What role does loyalty play in enhancing relationship marketing?
3)How can automobile companies apply relationship marketing in their marketing mix?
4)What is the value that relationship marketing brings to automobile companies?

Through these research objectives, it will be possible to understand what makes automobile companies successful in terms of relationship marketing and that can then be linked to company image. When companies are regarded as successful by their current or future clientele, then it is likely that they have a good image or vice versa. (Jackson, 1985)

METHOD; RESEARCH DESIGN
The research will dwell on the automobile industry in the United Kingdom. This will be done through a combination of approaches. Some leading automobile manufacturers like General Motors will be identified and asked about their implementation of relationship marketing. This will be analysed through personal interviews with their sales members. Additionally, the customer lifetime value added to a company through relationship marketing will be calculated for those chosen organisations. Customers will also be included in the research because they will be instrumental in assessment of how successful they perceive certain companies hence reflecting on the company image. (Envision software, 2007)

Personal interviews will be utilised when dealing with company representatives owing to the fact that they will be useful in highlighting certain unique r. marketing features prevalent in their organisations. However, in order to get uniform responses from clients, it would be favourable to use questionnaires for them. Secondary data will also form an important part of this research because it will provide a backbone for determining those elements that cannot be conducted practically and this include measurement of the value added to companies as a result of relationship marketing.

DATA COLLECTION
Data will be obtained through sales performance records released to the public by industry analysts. Data will also be obtained through the use of personal interviews. The population size in this part of the research will be made up of all top performing automobile companies in the UK. Ten sales representatives will be chosen from these companies. The sampling criteria will solely be based on that companys willingness and response to requests for interviews.

In the other aspect of the interview involving the public or various clienteles, the research will need to obtain fair representation from various parts of the UK. Consequently, a telephone directory will be used and respondents will be asked whether they would like to participate in the research. The questionnaires will be delivered personally to their residential areas after they accept to participate. Sampling criteria will be based on non probability sampling. Numbers will be chosen randomly in order to minimise biases. The research will involve ten personal interviews for sale representatives in automobile companies. Additionally, fifty questionnaires will be filled by those who accept to participate. (Durfee & Chase, 2003)

The research will also make a number of ethical considerations. Confidentiality will be a key concern as respondents in the questionnaire and the interview will be protected from other parties by concealing their identities. Additionally, care will be taken to ensure that clients only answer those questions that they feel comfortable with since they will be informed about this at the beginning of the research.

TIMESCALE

RESOURCES
Secondary data will largely be obtained from financial data released to the public. This will available in the school library and also in internet websites. This information will be crucial for ensuring that the issue of company image is duly inspected.

REFERENCES

Kotler, P. (2005): Relationship marketing- gaining competitive advantage through customer satisfaction and customer retention; North Western University Press
Nilsson, T. (2004): Customer relationship management within the US Automotive Industry; department of BA and Social Sciences, Lulea University Report, 18th June
Envision software (2007); Project Timeline management, available at http://www.envisionsoftware.com/ accessed on 11th November 2008
Durfee, W. & Chase, T. (2003): Project management, University of Minnesota Press
DeYoung, B. (1987): Marketing Your Charter Boat Enterprise – Putting Relationships to Work; Information Bulletin, no. 206
Berry, L. (1983): Relationship Marketing in Perspectives on Services Marketing; American Marketing Association
DeYoung, B. and Boldt, W. (1988): Relationship Marketing – Putting Relationships to Work, in Cornell Cooperative Extension Marketing Manual
Jackson, B. (1985): Build Customer Relationships That Last; Harvard Business Review, 120-28
Levitt, T. (1983): After the Sale, in The Marketing Imagination; Free Press

E-Accounting Problems & Propects

E-Accounting: Problems and Prospects

Shraddha Verma Assistant Professor G.C.R.G Memorial Trust Group of Institutions Lucknow

Abstract

E-Accounting refers to Electronic Accounting, a term used to describe an accounting system that relies on computer technology for capturing and processing financial data in organizations. The manual accounting systems consisted of paper ledgers, typewriters and calculators. Typewriters were used to type invoices and cheques, and all calculations were performed using calculators. Now E-Accounting or Online Accounting is new development in field of accounting which can save the cost associated in accounting, it minimizes the paper work, Thus, source documents and accounting records exist in digital form instead of on paper in an electronic accounting system. with the help of various management applications like ERP,CRM ,project management e-accounting can be done. In E-Accounting the accountant and employer both feel satisfaction because , this is cheap and without software defaults or failure . Your accounts saves in online server or database , so there is no need to record manually, it does not require any software installation. A survey will be conducted among accounting agencies in order to provide evidence for the hypotheses. E-accounting problems & prospects research paper able to find out some of the basic problems, and prospects in e-accounting in the field of accounting and the research is exploratory in nature. This paper is based on a limited initial review of the literature and provides a brief summary of the theoretical part of the study. It should be regarded as a research proposal of an ongoing research project and as such it may develop and change in the process.

keywords: E-Accounting,Accounts payable, Book-keeping, accouts receiveables.

Introduction

E-Accounting is new development in field of accounting. It means all your transactions will record in online server or data base. E-accounting involves performing regular accounting functions, accounting research and the accounting training and education through various computer based /internet based accounting tools such as: digital tool kits, various internet resources, international web-based materials, institute and company databases which are internet based, web links, internet based accounting software and electronic financial spreadsheet tools to provide efficient decision making. The terms E-Accounting and financial information system are used to refer to any accounting system that depends on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for performing its information system functions. An E-accounting system could be thought of as an inter-organisational system because of its capability to electronically integrate a set of firms. In many operational applications the accounting entries can be generated as a by-product of the underlying transactions. A computerized accounting system is able to handle financial data efficiently, but the true value of an accounting system was that it was able to generate immediate reports regarding the company.

E-accounting involves performing regular accounting functions, accounting research and the accounting training and education through various computer based /internet based accounting tools such as digital tool kits, various internet resources, international web-based materials, institute and company databases which are internet based, web links, internet based accounting software and electronic financial spreadsheet tools to provide efficient decision making. Online accounting through a web application is typically based on a simple monthly charge and zero-administration approach to help businesses concentrate on core activities and avoid the hidden costs associated with traditional accounting software such as installation, upgrades, exchanging data files, backup and disaster recovery. E-accounting does not have a standard definition but merely refers to the changes in accounting due to computing and networking technologies Uses Accounts payable- is a file or account sub-ledger that records amounts that a person or company owes to suppliers, but has not paid yet (a form of debt), sometimes referred as trade payables. When an invoice is received, it is added to the file, and then removed when it is paid. Thus, the A/P is a form of credit that suppliers offer to their customers by allowing them to pay for a product or service after it has already been received. Accounts receivable- also known as Debtors, is money owed to a business by its clients (customers) and shown on its Balance Sheet as an asset. It is one of a series of accounting transactions dealing with the billing of a customer for goods and services that the customer has ordered. Bookkeeping- On a company’s balance sheet, accounts receivable is the money owed to that company by entities outside of the company. The receivables owed by the company’s customers are called trade receivables. Account receivables are classified as current assets assuming that they are due within one year. To record a journal entry for a sale on account, one must debit a receivable and credit a revenue account. When the customer pays off their accounts, one debits cash and credits the receivable in the journal entry. The ending balance on the trial balance sheet for accounts receivable is usually a debit. Business organizations which have become too large to perform such tasks by hand (or small ones that could but prefer not to do them by hand) will generally use accounting software on a computer to perform this task. Online Bookkeeping Process Understanding The Need V Pilot Project V Client Satisfaction V Agreements V Necessary Training V Actual Outsourcing V Implementation V Quality Check V Final Output

PRONTO-Xi Financials is a complete financial management software tool that allows you to automate many of your financial processes, establish greater security around those processes, manage cash flow better and gain enhanced insights into your operations. The functionality can be scaled up or down to suit your individual business needs making it suitable for businesses of any size. Integrate your financial management tasks to drive efficiency throughout your operations Focus on the data output rather than collecting the data in the first place Make better business decisions with accurate data captured and delivered to you in a timely fashion via robust business processes Complete set of financial tools including General Ledger, Accounts Payable, Accounts Receivable, Fixed Assets and Payroll

key functionality & benefits

Period End close – produce accurate quarterly and annual financial statements for individual business units or your entire business that comply with regulatory, organisational and stakeholder requirements. Corporate Risk and Governance Compliance – develop structures and business processes to comply with organisational and recognised compliance standards. Integrate your financial supply chain – strengthen every aspect of your financial supply chain with integrated, robust processes, including establishing electronic purchase request and authorisation limits. Streamline payments and invoices – improve your Accounts Payable and Accounts Receivable management and drive payment efficiencies. Multi-company consolidations – consolidate any number of companies quickly and easily. Cash flow management – track, identify and manage your cash flow, liquidity and your exposed financial risk quickly and easily via integrated, automated processes. Monitor financial performance – report on key financial metrics and develop an accurate understanding of your true financial position at any point in time.

Company’s all accounting project can easily outsourced by E-Accounting system:

A.P.O. A.P.O means accounting process outsourced APO is the new and developed form of BPO according to research report APO is growing very fast. This industry has jumped 60% annual growing rate. This industry has reached up to 60 cr. Of Rs.

Pay pal Payment system is popularizing in Online Accounting Some of Indian professional accountant gives the accounting services to USA customers under A.P.O. Now they can easily get their service amount from paypal way . Paypal gives you the facility of withdrawing your service fee with following ways:

a) If you want to deposit your service amount in your bank account in India for more than RS. 7000 you can easily transfer without any cost of transferring , if upto RS. 6999.99 you want to transfer in your account you will charge Rs. 50 b) You can get the cheque by giving request in the website under your paypal account c) You can also withdraw funds to your card also.

Willis and ACE Achieve e-Accounting First in London Insurance Market The London-based operations of ACE, a leading insurance company, and Willis Limited, the UK insurance broker, announced the successful launch of a full electronic accounting process between the two companies -a London Market Group (LMG) Non Bureau project first. E-Accounting is a data-based process for facilitating financial agreement and subsequent settlement of premiums and claims with insurance carriers, and replaces paper in the accounting and settlement process. E-Accounting substantially improves the quality, integrity and certainty of process, allowing Willis and carriers to synchronise their operations and improve client service. Implementation benefits include: prompt advice of premium and claims due, enabling simpler reconciliation improved settlement cycle resulting in speedier premium and claim settlement the secure exchange of critical closing and settlement information reduction in queries and early query resolution Graham Card, Executive Director and Business Lead for Willis’ e-Accounting roll-out, said: -London Market modernisation has long advocated the elimination of paper from the process and the introduction of electronic accounting. This is a major reform that will show benefits for both parties in the future.- -ACE are continually looking at ways to improve service to clients, making payment of premium easier and payment of claims faster. e-Accounting and closer collaboration with our clients will enable ACE to achieve this. -This project with Willis has been a great success with a real sense of partnership, and ACE is looking forward to working with Willis to expand the use of e-Accounting capabilities further with our clients and the wider market through the LMG sponsored Non Bureau project.- Willis and XL Implement e-Accounting London, UK, September 26, 2011 -The London-based operations of XL Group plc, a leading global insurer, and Willis Limited, the principal UK broking company of global insurance broker Willis Group Holdings plc (NYSE:WSH), announced the successful launch of a full electronic accounting process between the two companies. Through better synchronisation between brokers and carriers, the online system markedly improves client service by enhancing the quality, transparency and integrity of the accounting and settlement process. Willis Group Holdings plc (NYSE:WSH), announced the successful launch of a full electronic accounting process between the two companies. Through better synchronisation between brokers and carriers, the online system markedly improves client service by enhancing the quality, transparency and integrity of the accounting and settlement process.

However, with the introduction of PC-based Accounting Systems, both the computer hardware and the accounting software have become cheaper, creating an opportunity for organisation to adopt e-accounting. Nevertheless, there are several factors that determine whether an organization adopts e-accounting or not. Studying the factors that influence computer adoption, internet adoption and accounting software adoption

Relationships between company size and Internet Adoption

Company size Internet (No of employees) connected 50-99 41 % 10-49 30 % 1-9 16 % Objective

The objective of this research is first to describe the present state of the art of e-accounting in organisation bookkeeping agencies in U.P region(mainly lucknow) as well as identify managers’ intentions towards adoption of e-accounting ;what are the problems they are facing with the adoption of E-Accounting and the future prospects of E-Accounting system second to empirically study factors that influence the adoption of e-accounting, and third to study the problems that e-accounting may have in general and more specifically on the accounting procedures and practice in small and organisations bookkeeping agencies that have adopted an e-accounting system.

Research Methodology

The data for this research was collected by means of a questionnaire. Questions are both open ended and closed ended. The study was, for practical reasons, the research is done in the UP region (mainly lucknow) . Besides, demographic data including gender, age, position in organization, accounting background, professional qualification, experience in current system, level of understanding and knowledge related to the system, were measured by different scales. Finally a data of total of 90 persons were collected generating a positive response rate of approximately 35%. I have identified 12 questions that most effectively measure the no. of persons acquiring e-accounting in their organisation:

Q1. What kind of firm do you have?

Q2. How many no. of accounting staff do you have?

Q3. Does your firm use computers in operations?

Q4. Does your firm make use of accounting software in operations?

Q5. What kind of accounting software’s are used?

Q6. What are the aim of implementing E-Accounting?

Q7. What problems are faced by the firm while implementing E-Accounting?

Q8. What ways do you suggest for improving the system for easily access to E-Accounting?

On the basis of the data collected from both medium & small firms we found that only 35% of the firm out of hundred is successful in implementing E-Accounting. The firms like ACE & Willis a leading insurance company, and Willis Limited, the UK insurance broker, announced the successful launch of a full electronic accounting process and for the positive respondents the goal of implementing e-accounting are timely information management, large storage capacity, reduction of clerical work, cost effectiveness. Whereas for the left percentage 38.8% face problems like lack of constant supply of electricity, frequent breakdown of the system, inability to import/export data, inability of the system to support large volume of data or all of the former problems in implementing E-Accounting.

Findings and Suggestions

To further investigate the actual benefits of e-accounting, empirical studies of some ten small and medium-sized accounting agencies will be undertaken. These companies will be selected among the adopters group and chosen with the help of reference lists from software application providers and from information gathered in previous studies. The main data collection method will be face-to-face, structured interviews with managers of these organisations or, when necessary, telephone interviews. All interviews are planned to be tape recorded. The firms are facing problems in — Data security – All your data resides on a remote server: however, a back up can be taken regularly. Speed – Most of the currently available online office suites require a high broadband Internet connection. Lack some features available on the offline office suites: but this is progressively becoming available (MS LIVE, Google online-Suite, Think free, Zoho Office, Internet Office .Biz and e-Desk Online) A network connection (usually Internet access) is required to send and receive changes. That is, internet dependence makes it more difficult to work offline and also most of the firms don’t want to invest in purchasing accounting software. The results also indicate that interpersonal communication channels, such as training sessions and consulting, are considered as the most useful ways to achieve knowledge of new e-accounting innovations. Internet is also considered as a useful means of providing information. The use of accounting software makes the task easier and also saves the valuable time.

Conclusion

The study provides strong evidence that the use of E-Accounting has contributed to the effectiveness of tasks as expected. The study shows that the use of E-Accounting may improve the effectiveness of accounting and reporting tasks, budgeting, controlling and auditing which may reflect on the organizational effectiveness as well. An improved quality in the system may provide better support for the tasks performed by the system. This study finds that the most significant impacts of E-Accounting are on accounting and reporting and budgeting task performance respectively.Future studies could place more focus on the inter-organizational factors affecting the adoption rate. Moreover, future research could focus on the attitudes and resources of the business partners of accounting agencies. The contribution of this study will be twofold. First, the contribution of this study lies in the empirical analysis of the determinants of e-accounting adoption. The results of the study may give some evidence on the managers’ intentions of small and medium-sized accounting agencies towards e-accounting and thus predict future use of e-accounting systems. Second, this study aims at providing some understandings of the actual benefits of the use of e-accounting systems.

References

OECD, 1998. SMEs and Electronic Commerce. Working Party on SMEs to the OECD Ministerial Conference on Electronic Commerce. October 1998, Ottawa. http://www.oecd.org/dsti/sti/it/ec/prod/sme18e.pdf (October 7, 1999).

Amidu, M. and Abor, J. (2005), Accounting Information and Management of SMEs in Ghana, The African Journal of Finance and Management, 14(1), pp. 15 – 23.

Doost, R. K, (1999), Computers and Accounting: Where Do We go from Here? Managerial Auditing Journal, 14(9), pp. 487 – 488.

Accounting Act (AA, Kirjanpitolaki ) 1336/30.12.1997

Hall, J. (2007). Accounting information systems. Quebec, Canada: Thomson Higher Education.

http://www.experiment-resources.com/empirical-research.html#ixzz1d0dAXLDg

www.acegroup.com/uk

http://www.experiment-resources.com/research-paper-outline.html#ixzz1cjx5E1mq

High Return Investments The Investment Millionaires Secret Revealed!

We all want high return investments, but what is the best way to achieve substantial long-term capital growth?

Lets look at the best investment, combined with the most powerful force in investing, and how they can create a high return investment that grows rapidly.

The Secret of High Return Investments

Albert Einstein called this: The most powerful force in the universe and investment terms hes right.

Compound interest on an investment with low downside volatility is really the secret of getting high return investments to make huge gains over the long term.

Which is the Best High Return Investment?

When looking at high return investments the best combination is an above average return, linked to low volatility, combined with compound growth.

As an investment, UK land has provided better capital growth over time than most hedge funds, mutual funds, investment trusts, equities, or shares, and with a lower downside risk.

The overall price of farmland has increased by 30% in the last 12 months, and by 130% since the early 1990s, with an average 920% growth in the last 20 years.

The 920% over 20 years is average growth, and many investors have achieved far greater gains by careful plot selection.

Why UK Land is Providing Stunning Returns with Low Risk

UK land provides above average solid growth for the following reasons:

1. Population Growth – The population of the UK in 1981 was 56.2 million. In 2001, the population had increased by about 2.6 million to 58.8 million inhabitants.

2. Immigration – In terms of immigration, there is the granting of entry to the UK, of over 170,000 people per year. This constitutes over 60% of the annual population growth. Therefore, at current rates of growth the UK can expect to see at least an additional 3.4 million inhabitants within the next 20 years.

3. Social Trends – There is a rising divorce rate in the UK. Furthermore, more people are staying single by choice, and getting married later in life.

In the next 17 years, with the rising population and increased lack of affordable housing, the UK will need another 1.5 million homes.

Compounding a Small Sum to a Million!

We can see already that land has had fantastic growth year on year, and looks set to continue. The average gain was 30%, in 2004 alone.

Lets take an example now of compound growth in action:

$50,000 invested with a compound grow of 30% annually would take just 12 years to be worth over $1,250,000!

A steady compound growth soon adds up!

Of course, bear in mind that the above illustration is subject to the fact that investors may use bigger or smaller deposits, and there is no guarantee of 30% annual growth.

To make big gains, the formula for investment success over the long term is:

A High return investment + low downside volatility + the power of compound interest = big capital growth potential

Compound interest makes you money work harder, and as the amount increases, it soon adds up.

For High Return Investments Look no Further than Land!

Land tends to rise steadily in value year on year and with low downside volatility giving steady solid growth

Many hedge funds, unit or investment trusts, can be negative for years on money invested, or even never recover at all!

When considering long-term investments, land with its good growth potential and low downside volatility, makes it the ideal investment to benefit from compound growth

How Undeveloped Land Is A Better Investment Diversification Strategy

Any investment diversification strategy should involve undeveloped land.

Dont trust the national numbers on housing values as the final word on all real estate investment. Regional differences are significant and opportunities abound.

The conundrum for investors who are intrigued with UK land and real estate is, with a growing population and so little building in the past decade, why arent more houses being built?

After all, Census 2011 showed a growth rate of about 7 per cent since 2001, a much healthier addition of population than most countries found in the Eurozone. England and Wales in particular are a strong draw for immigration, and the birth rate has remained relatively strong even through the financial recession of the past six years. Exacerbating this further, pensioners are living longer and in greater health, keeping granny from moving out of her granny flat.

Savills research offers some data and analysis that suggests some fundamental ways in which housing will be built in the years to come. It offers a different perspective to anyone involved in land development, as investment on UK strategic land and raw acreage is most adaptable to market needs before buildings are constructed.

Specifically, the firm offers the following data points:

Regional differences mask home prices Overall, homes in Britain have seen an average value increase of 6.4 per cent since 2007. Which is all well and good, except it masks the differences between North and South: in the South East and London, increases in home values are in the ballpark of 10 to 20 per cent. In the North of the country, values have fallen. This is not to say a land investment in those areas will not make sense, as real estate is sometimes tied to hyper-local factors. But the larger point is that in London and the South East, better opportunities are likely to be found.

Generation rental Of greater significance is the shifting of ownership to rental for many middle class families. Savills reports the value of Britains private rented stock has risen by 42 per cent over the past five years and an extraordinary 250 per cent in the past ten years. The 4.8 million private homes that are rented today represent 17 per cent of all dwellings, when just ten years ago to-let housing was a mere 10 percent of the national inventory. What has caused this? Increasingly, working families are unable to afford the necessary deposits required for purchase, and tighter lending standards by banks also make it more difficult to get mortgages.

Best opportunities for those with cash to invest All those rental homes still need to be built, begging the question: Who will finance them? According to the director of Savills research, There is now a real opportunity for investors with cash, particularly those ready to invest for income, because capital value growth will be muted over the mid term.

Real estate developers are on the front lines, constructing the right buildings for the market. But before they can do that, land investment companies identify parcels nearest to where building of one type or another should take place. This often is where employment is growing, or for any other reason the population is sufficient to fill new housing. Strategic land development will usually involve property zoned for agriculture or commercial or industrial purposes which local planning commissions will identify as more appropriate for residences, factoring for local economic conditions and growth opportunities.

Individuals who want to participate in land development and investing in real asset classes should first work with a qualified, independent financial advisor to be certain they are working with legitimate players and that the investment fits their overall financial goals.

Howard Hughes And Donald Trump Made Fortunes In This Investment And You Can Too!

Howard Hughes was, and Donald J. Trump still is, one of the richest men in the world, and they have one thing in common:

They bought land, in the right location and made fortunes from it!

You dont need to be Rich to Get Started!

If you have never considered investing in land, you should do. Its affordable and there are many specialist companies catering for inexperienced investors who have never invested before.

Theres no better low risk way to build long-term capital gains – as Donald Trump once said:

“I just love real estate. It’s tangible, it’s solid, and it’s beautiful.”

Howard Hughes was another who firmly believed in land investing as one of his high return investments, buying huge swathes of under developed land in California that came to be worth billions.

Where is the Best Place to Buy Land?

UK land offers an outstanding low risk, high return investment opportunity over the medium term. UK land has out performed most asset managers and asset classes – including investment trusts, unit trusts, equities and bonds.

Solid Long Term Gains

The facts speak for themselves:

Overall prices of farmland have increased by up to 30% in the last 12 months and 130% since the early 1990s with an average 920% growth in the last 20 years.

If you compounded a $50,000 investment, at last years average growth you would get a return of over $1.25 million dollars in just 12 years!

Of course, theres no guarantee, but with the growth rates weve seen over the last 20 years such gains are possible.

The future supply and demand situation points to higher growth in UK land values for many years to come heres why:

Population Growth – The UK is one of the most densely populated countries in Europe and its population is growing fast.

Immigration – In terms of immigration, 170,000 people are entering the UK every year. This figure represents over 60% of the annual population growth. At current rates of growth, the UK can expect to see at least 3.4 million more inhabitants within the next 20 years.

Social Trends – There is a rising divorce rate in the UK, and a declining marriage rate. This means there is a need for more homes as the family unit declines.

The UK government are already taking action to address the chronic shortage of housing, and are making house building a priority.

The Land Banking Opportunity

Land banking involves the acquisition of land, which does not enjoy planning consent, in advance of expanding urbanization.

The price of an open space plot, not immediately subject to urban development pressures can be bought cheaply. When urban expansion occurs the land rises in value as planning consent is granted.

This then allows investors to sell at a significant profit.

Get started with Just $10,000

Today, there are many companies advising international investors on how to profit from UK land.

They look at the best locations and give all the facts, so an investor can make an informed decision on whether to invest. A typical minimum investment normally starts at just $10,000.

High Return Investments and Low Risk

High return investments with low risk dont come around very often, but we feel land is such an opportunity.

If you are considering high return investments, then land is ideal for the longer-term investor seeking significant capital growth potential.

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